| 1980 | University of New Orleans, M.A. |
| 1982 | University of Innsbruck, Mag. Phil. |
| 1983 | Harvard University, M.A. |
| 1989 | Harvard University, Ph.D. |
| | Marshall Plan Professor of History; Director, Center Austria, University of New Orleans |
| | Gastprofessor an der Universität München, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Paris-Lodron-Universität Salzburg, Universität Wien, Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien |
| 1969-1971 | Tutor and Teaching Fellow, Harvard University, Massachusetts |
| 1971-1975 | Assistant Professor of History, Hamilton College, New York |
| 1975-1978 | Deputy Director, Aspen Institute Berlin |
| 1982-1984 | Vice President for Academic Affairs, Longwood College, Virginia |
| 1984-1985 | Senior Vice President, International Management and Development Institute, Washington, D.C. |
| 1985-1992 | Director, West European Studies, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C. |
| 1990 | Member of the U.S. delegation to the Copenhagen CSCE Conference |
| 1991 | Guest Professor at the Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, Ebenhausen |
| 1992-1994 | Chief, European Division, Library of Congress |
| 1994-2005 | Democratic Staff Director for European Affairs, U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee and Senior Advisor to U.S. Vice President (then-Senator) Joseph R. Biden, Jr. |
| 1993 | , 2000, 2006 Member of the U.S. delegation to the Wehrkunde Security Conference, Munich |
| 2000 | Speech at Assemblée Nationale, Paris |
| 2004 | Member of the U.S. delegation to the inauguration of Boris Tadic as President of Serbia |
| Speech at Deutscher Bundestag, Berlin |
| 2005 | Speech at NATO Parliamentary Assembly, Copenhagen |
| 2005-2006 | Senior Foreign Policy Advisor and Principal, DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary U.S. LLP |
| since 2006 | Senior Fellow, Center for Transatlantic Relations, School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, D.C. |
| since 2007 | Senior Advisor, McLarty Associates (formerly Kissinger McLarty Associates), Washington, D.C. |
| 2009 | Speech at OSCE Permanent Council, Vienna |
| Head of the U.S. Delegation to the 2009 OSCE Human Dimension Implementation Meeting in Warsaw |
| 2010 | Head of the U.S. Delegation to the OSCE 20th Anniversary Conference in Copenhagen |
| 1979-1986 | Assistant Professor of Political Science at Columbia University |
| 1985-1989 | Special Advisor to the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs working on policy issues, advising on the Iran-Iraq war and the Soviet war in Afghanistan, Department of State |
| 1989-1991 | Senior political scientist at RAND and associate professor at the University of California at San Diego |
| 1991-1992 | Assistant Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Planning, Department of Defense |
| 1993-1999 | Director of the Strategy, Doctrine and Force Structure program for RAND's Project Air Force, founded the Center for Middle Eastern Studies |
| 1999-2003 | Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Islamic Outreach and Southwest Asia Initiatives, National Security Council |
| | Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Southwest Asia, Near East, and North African Affairs, National Security Council |
| | Special Presidential Envoy at Large for the Free Iraqis |
| | Headed Bush-Cheney transition team for the Department of Defense Counselor to Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld |
| 2003-2005 | United States Ambassador to Afghanistan and Special Presidential Envoy to Afghanistan |
| 2005-2007 | United States Ambassador to Iraq |
| since 2007 | United States Permanent Representative to the United Nations |
| 1967-1969 | National Service |
| 1969-1972 | Studied Law and History at the Universities of Bonn and Paris |
| 1973 | First State Examination in Law |
| 1973-1975 | Judge's Assistant; Assistant Lecturer, University of Bonn |
| 1975-1977 | German Foreign Office, Bonn |
| 1977-1980 | German Embassy, London |
| 1980-1983 | Federal Chancellery, European Affairs |
| 1983-1986 | German Embassy, New Delhi |
| 1986-1988 | German Embassy, Lisbon |
| 1988-1992 | German Foreign Office, Bonn |
| 1992-1993 | Head of the Minister's Office, Foreign Office, Bonn |
| 1993-1994 | Chief of Cabinet of the Minister, Foreign Office, Bonn |
| 1994-1999 | Deputy Chief of Mission, German Embassy, Washington, D.C. |
| 1999-2002 | Director-General, Political Department, Foreign Office, Berlin |
| 2002-2006 | German Ambassador London |
| since 2006 | Permanent Representative of Germany to the United Nations, New York |
| 1979-1984 | Geography at the Faculty of Natural Sciences of the Charles´ University, Prague |
| | activities in democratic opposition, left the faculty and worked several years as the administrator of the Asian collection of Náprstek museum in the castle in Libchov |
| 1982-1986 | Manager of the underground rock band Národní tYída, the members of which were young musicians, artists and writers; |
| | published a samizdat magazine Revolver revue together with Jáchym Topol and Ivan Lamper |
| | since mid 1980s Contacts with dissidents in Hungary, Poland and Lithuania |
| 1987 | Became a member of Polish-Czechoslovak Solidarity and participated in meetings of representatives of Czechoslovak and Polish opposition in mountains on state borders and co-organized regular smuggling of literature, correspondence and technolology across border mountains. |
| 1989 | Speaker of the Charta 77 and one of the authors of the petition, several sentences; |
| | jailed for his activities in the prisons of Ruzyn and Pankrác |
| One of the founders of the Civic Forum, a political movement which lead the country to the first free elections |
| | Informa
ní servis was established which later became Respekt weekly |
| 1990-1992 | Foreign and political advisor to the President Václav Havel |
| 1990 | Initiated the meeting of intellectuals and top representatives of Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland in Bratislava which later lead to the establishment of Visegrád co-operation |
| 1992-1997 | First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs |
| | He lead the Czech team which divided Czechoslovak foreign service, he was the Czech negotiator during talks with Germany concerning joint declaration and started discussions concerning the accession of the R to the NATO. |
| 1997-2001 | Czech Ambassador to the United States |
| 2001-2002 | Plenipotentiary of the Czech Government for the preparation of the Summit meeting of NATO in Prague |
| 2003 | Left diplomacy on his own decision |
| 2004 | Expert assistant of the German Marshall Fund of the U.S in Prague |
| 2004-2006 | Acting officer and consultant of international firm Dutko Worldwide, reads lectures on Euro-American relations at the New York University (NYU) in Prague, President of the Czech Euroatlantic Council |
| | He also became one of the founders of a foreign-political think-tank PASS (Program of Atlantic Security Studies in Prague) and participated in the establishment of the discussion club Osma. |
| | In Ústí nad Labem he helped to establish Collegium Bohemicum, the institution which will help the City museum to study history and present of Czech-German relations. |
| 2006 | Foreign Minister of the Czech Republic in the first government of Mr Mirek Topolanek |
| 2007-2009 | Deputy Prime Minister for European Affairs in the second government of Mr Mirek Topolanek |
| since 2009 | Senator, Parliament of the Czech Republic, Prague |
| 1977 | Law Studies in Vienna (Dr. iur.) |
| 1977-1978 | Postgraduate-Studies, College of Europe, Bruges |
| 1978 | Diploma of The Hague Academy of International Law, The Hague |
| 1979 | Joined the Austrian Diplomatic Service |
| 1982-1986 | Austrian Mission to the European Communities, Brussels |
| 1986-1990 | Austrian Embassy, Moscow |
| 1991-1993 | Private Office of the Austrian Foreign Minister, Vienna |
| 1993-1995 | Deputy Head of Cabinet of Foreign Ministers Mock and Schüssel, Vienna |
| 1995-1999 | Director for Security Policy and Policy Planning, Austrian Foreign Ministry, Vienna |
| 1996-1999 | Deputy Political Director, Austrian Foreign Ministry, Vienna |
| 1999-2003 | Ambassador of Austria to Belgium and Head of the Austrian Mission to NATO, Brussels |
| 2002-2004 | Special Representative of the Austrian Foreign Minister for the Western Balkans |
| 2003-2004 | Representative of the Federal Chancellor of Austria in the Commission on the Reform of the Austrian Armed Forces, Vienna |
| 2003-2008 | Political Director (Director General for Political Affairs) of the Austrian Foreign Ministry, Vienna |
| 2008-2011 | Permanent Representative of Austria to the United Nations, New York |
| 2009-2010 | Also represented Austria on the United Nations Security Council, New York (President of the Security Council in November 2009) |
| 2011 | Vice-President of the 66th General Assembly of the UN, New York |
| 2011-2015 | Ambassador, (Head of the Delegation) of the European Union to the United Nations, New York |
| since 2015 | Managing Director for Europe and Central Asia, European External Action Service, Brussels |
| | Visiting Professor, College of Europe, Bruges and Natolin |
