| 1978 | Ph.D., University of Vienna |
| 1979-1989 | Research Fellow, Austrian Academy of Sciences |
| 1980-1998 | Lecturer, Alpen-Adria-University Klagenfurt and University of Vienna |
| 1986-1987 | Visiting Professor, University of Bamberg |
| 1986 | , 1989 and 1997-1998 Visiting Professor, University of California at Berkeley |
| 1988-1989 | Visiting Professor, University of Frankfurt am Main |
| 1989-1997 | Lecturer, Technical University, Vienna |
| 1990-1992 | Director, Institute of Demography, Austrian Academy of Science |
| 1992 | Visiting Professor, University of Zurich |
| 1992-2003 | Head, Department of Demography, Humboldt University, Berlin |
| 1995 | , 1997 Visiting Professor, Alpen-Adria-University Klagenfurt |
| 2000-2001 | Visiting Professor, University of Vienna |
| 2001-2002 | Senior Research Fellow, Department of Mathematics of Finance, Technical University, Vienna |
| since 2003 | Senior Fellow, HWWI - Hamburg Institute of International Economics |
| since 2005 | Senior Researcher, Erste Group Bank AG |
| 2008-2010 | Member, Reflection Group Horizon 2020-2030, European Union |
| since 2009 | Senior Fellow, Migration Policy Center, Washington, D.C. |
| since 2010 | Visiting Professor, University of St. Gallen |
| Member of the Advisory Committee, Alpbach Financial Market Symposium, Vienna |
| 1970-1971 | Senior assistant, Institute for Applied Social and Economic Research |
| 1971-1974 | Worked in banking and for a certified public accountant, provided consultancy services to the OECD on international tax law and multinational corporations |
| 1974-1981 | Österreichische Volksfürsorge Allgemeine Versicherung AG |
| 1981-1982 | Member of the Executive Board, Wiener Holding Ges.m.b.H. |
| 1982-1986 | Member of the Executive Board, ÖIAG (Österreichische Industrieverwaltungs AG) |
| 1986-1988 | Deputy Chairman and Senior Executive Vice President, VOEST-ALPINE AG |
| 1988-1992 | Deputy Chairman and Senior Executive Vice President, VOEST-ALPINE STAHL AG |
| 1993-1994 | Member of the Executive Board, AUSTRIAN INDUSTRIES AG |
| 1991-2010 | Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, BÖHLER-UDDEHOLM AG |
| 2007-2010 | Member, Executive Board, voestalpine AG |
| 2008-2018 | President, OeNB - Oesterreichische Nationalbank, Vienna |
| since 2012 | Vice President, European Forum Alpbach, Vienna |
